TY - JOUR ID - 143585 TI - Perfect Recovery of Small Tampers Using a Novel Fragile Watermarking Technique Based on Distributed Hamming Code JO - The ISC International Journal of Information Security JA - ISECURE LA - en SN - 2008-2045 AU - Rasouli, Faeze AU - Taheri, Mohammad AD - Computer Sci. & Eng. & I.T. Dept., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Y1 - 2022 PY - 2022 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 156 KW - Authentication Code KW - Fragile Watermarking KW - Hamming Code KW - Tamper Detection and Recovery DO - 10.22042/isecure.2022.284952.670 N2 - Fragile watermarking is a technique of authenticating the originality of the media (e.g., image). Although the watermark is destroyed with any small modification (tamper), it may be used to recover the original image. There is no method yet, based on our knowledge, to guarantee the perfect recovery of small tampers. Although data-bits are embedded in Least Significant Bits of some other pixel(s), a tamper may destroy both data and authentication sets which makes recovery impossible. In this paper, a novel fragile watermarking scheme is proposed for both tamper detection and tampered image recovery. Here, all bits are reorganized in virtual pixels distributed in the image called as Distributed Pixels (DP). Distance of each pair of bits in a DP is sufficiently large. This is why; tampers smaller than a threshold, cannot destroy more than one bit of a DP. Hamming code guarantees that changing at most one bit can be perfectly detected and recovered. Then, Hamming (7,4) is extended to (8,5) to support embedding in eight-bits pixels. According to the experimental results, the proposed method could perfectly detect and recover the tampered parts not greater than a quarter of image in diameter. It also achieved acceptable performance in other conditions, compared to state-of-the-art methods. UR - https://www.isecure-journal.com/article_143585.html L1 - https://www.isecure-journal.com/article_143585_f253db0ac7911284ad649c93927d7e8d.pdf ER -